CPRS Capital Project Auditing Page

Objective The purpose of capital project auditing is the control, conservation, and management of the owner’s hard-earned capital in a dynamic environment which poses great risk to those capital resources.
Capital Projects Auditing defined Capital Projects Auditing is a comprehensive effort to assure that a company's assets are preserved during major capital spending endeavors through a coordinated, planned effort from the inception of the spending program, through completion, and concluding with the commencement of operations of the constructed assets.
Capital Projects Auditing is different from Construction Auditing Construction Auditing, which focuses on engineering and construction contracts, is a large component of Capital Projects Auditing and is undisputably a valuable activity. However there are internal control, tax, and operational aspects of a major spending program which construction auditing does not address. Combining construction auditing with proactive controls in all other areas of the capital spending program yields cost reductions, and even recoveries, which dwarf those available from construction auditing.
Capital Projects Auditing is focused both internally and externally on all elements of project cost and those of subsequent operations of the facility.
Scope Controls	Appropriations Capital Expenditure Requests Capital Authorization Requests Letters of Authority Authorizations for Expenditure Capital Spending Authorities Your Company Nomenclature
Capital Appropriations Controls are the basic foundation for project cost control Additions Deletions Other Scope Changes Project Scope Control - without it internal and external forces can expand the project Design Review and Approval Contractor/subcontractor scope control - bid package plans and specifications Field Change Notices Work orders or other controls over extra work performed by project team for operations

Tax Controls	Sales and Use Tax Property Tax State Income Tax Federal Income Tax Excise Taxes Gross Receipts Tax Value Added Tax
Tax Impacts Many taxes and regulations affect the project and ongoing operations after completion. A comprehensive management effort can reduce project and operational costs by several percent. Sales and Use - Preplanning is best, but a cost recovery audit after the project's completion will otherwise produce benefits. Property - There may be exemptions for pollution control, R&D, or other incentives Income - Segregation of personal property assets from real property produces substantial savings VAT, GST and other taxes applicable to off-shore projects can add 15 to 20% to project costs

Construction Auditing	Construction Auditing is a key component of the Capital Project Auditing Process which focuses on the role of architects. engineers, project managers, construction managers, general contractors, and major subcontractors.

Corporate Finance and Accounting	Corporate Project Participants Cost Accounting Risk Management Fixed Assets Treasury Law Tax Finance
Project Financing Methods Industrial Revenue Bonds Bank Loans Operating Cash Flow Sale/Leaseback transactions Project Accounts Receivable Scrap sales Surplus equipment and tool sales Returnable containers - gas cylinders, cable reels, formwork Items returned for credit Fixed Assets Accounting Transfers from other locations Additions - Construction in Progress Deletions Appropriation documents should provide basis for close out to Fixed Assets Project Cost Accounting Systems Timeliness and Accuracy critical Commitments Expenditures Projected costs to complete Comprehensive to include corporate expenditures Risk and Insurance Builders Risk General Liability Business Interruption Construction Equipment Bonding Lien requirements

Operations	Warranties Spare Parts Freight Vendor reps Performance Environmental Safety
Backcharges - Costs of correcting nonconforming work or equipment Manufacturing equipment procurement and operation - for manufacturing plants this is usually 45 to 70% of total project costs Compatibility with existing systems Installation Contracts - Control over start-up services Performance criteria for final equipment payments Spare parts - a big source of savings

The Capital Auditing Function Coordination and control of all of the above is beyond the capabilities of any project manager. Supporting the project manager with a project auditor or project controller will prevent losses from issues which would otherwise be unrecognized and unremedied. Having an on-site auditor also allows other corporate cost savings and cost recovery opportunities to be evaluated, seized, and realized.
Basic Elements of a Capital Project Auditing function A dedicated on-site presence Support of corporate and project management Flexible project audit reporting systems with shortened response times - imposition of typical internal auditing reporting cycles do not work in a major project environment Auditing capabilities are written into contracts, major subcontracts, and project procedure Project management and engineering make constructability decisions. Project auditing test controls and verifies contractor costs. The auditor supports the project manager with analytical capabilities. Project auditor/ project controller coordinates project activities with appropriate corporate managers with the objective of identifying and correcting opportunities which might otherwise fall victim to interdiscipline gaps, i.e. accounting-construction, law-engineering Project auditing is reinforced by internal auditing or temporary accounting personnel as needs arise Sufficient independence in reporting Adequate training
The Savings Potential A proactive project auditing function can reduce total project costs by 1 to 2% The savings attainable are typically 3 to 5 multiples of the costs The concept can be applied to other areas of corporate operations

Examples of savings from major capital projects
These illustrations depict some of the areas covered by capital projects auditing which exceed the limits of construction auditing.The examples represent some of the opportunities to lower costs encountered by Capital Project Review Services, Inc. and previous work by CPRS founder and president Al Gray.
Review Subject & Scope	Results
Project Financing Portions of a new manufacturing facility were eligible for financing using exempt Industrial Revenue Bonds (IRB's), which featured interest rates 1.5% lower than the owner's cost of capital. Corporate treasury and law departments had submitted an IRB project description and had secured approval of the funding. The project auditor investigated whether additional portions of the facility would be eligible.	The project auditor reviewed the existing IRB project scope and the governing IRB regulations, compared the overall manufacturing project to those documents, and identified additional systems ( including coaf fired boiler components similar to those in the picture) that were eligible for the financing. The corporate law department secured approval of the broadened scope, resulting in more than $2,000,000 savings at present value.
Manufacturing Equipment Modern process control valves, like those in this tank farm photo, are frequently purchased under blanket purchase orders with supply houses. Pricing is comprised of multiple components which depend on valve specifications, with discounts applied to each component. Accurate pricing may be difficult to achieve. Recognizing that purchasing personnel lacked the time to audit the pricing of the valves, the project auditor conducted a review.	The project auditor selected a sample of valve purchases from the 5 designated project suppliers. The pricing was tested for accuracy. The findings were that 2 of the suppliers had overcharged due to the omission of one or more discount factors. The suppliers refunded more than $33,000. Savings to the project and to manufacturing operations from correction of the suppliers' billing systems exceeded $200,000.
Equipment Spare Parts Various manufacturing process equipment purchase orders contained provisions for spare parts to be supplied. Since payments to the supplier were based upon milestones, final payment was conditioned upon equipment start-up, and engineers approved invoices based upon progress rather than delivery of components, the project auditor recognized the potential for payment of undelivered spare parts which were not required for start-up.	The project auditor reviewed all process equipment purchase orders to identify all purchases which included specified spares within the contract price. Receiving documents and storeroom records were reviewed to ascertain that all of the required parts had been delivered. Three suppliers had failed to deliver all or part of the purchased spares. Recoveries of more than $110,000 in missing spares were obtained.